Sources & Citations

Evidence data was compiled from the following sources. Guideline recommendations and RCT counts are approximate and reflect the literature as of early 2025.

Note: The absence of RCT evidence does not mean a modality is ineffective — it may reflect epistemological differences, practical barriers to studying long-term treatments, or simply that research has not yet been conducted.

197 modality sources (20 guidelines, 177 research). 174 philosophy sources. 93 controversy references. 179 directly cited by modalities.

Clinical Practice Guidelines

apa-div12
APA Division 12. Research-Supported Psychological Treatments. Tolin et al. (2015) / Chambless & Hollon (1998) criteria.
https://div12.org/psychological-treatments/
apa-bpd
APA. (2001). Practice Guideline for Treatment of Patients with BPD.
https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/book/10.1176/appi.books.9780890423363
apa-ptsd
APA. (2017). Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of PTSD in Adults.
https://www.apa.org/ptsd-guideline
apa-multi
APA. (2017). Multicultural Guidelines: An Ecological Approach.
https://www.apa.org/about/policy/multicultural-guidelines
fda-mdma2024
FDA. (2024). FDA declines to approve midomafetamine (MDMA) for PTSD; advisory committee cited methodological concerns.
https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-declines-approve-midomafetamine-capsules-post-traumatic-stress-disorder
nice-ocd
NICE. (2005, updated 2013). OCD and body dysmorphic disorder (CG31).
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg31
nice-bpd
NICE. (2009). Borderline personality disorder (CG78).
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg78
nice-sub
NICE. (2011). Alcohol-use disorders (CG115).
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg115
nice-anx
NICE. (2011, updated 2020). Generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder in adults (CG113).
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg113
nice-conduct
NICE. (2013). Antisocial behaviour and conduct disorders in children (CG158).
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg158
nice-psychosis
NICE. (2014). Psychosis and schizophrenia in adults (CG178).
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg178
nice-ed
NICE. (2017). Eating disorders: recognition and treatment (NG69).
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng69
nice-ptsd
NICE. (2018). Post-traumatic stress disorder (NG116).
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng116
nice-dep
NICE. (2022). Depression in adults: treatment and management (NG222).
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng222
va-ptsd2023
VA/DoD. (2023). Clinical Practice Guideline for Management of PTSD and ASD.
https://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/mh/ptsd/
who-ptsd
WHO. (2013). Guidelines for the management of conditions specifically related to stress.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241505406
who-mhgap2023
WHO. (2023). Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) guideline, 3rd ed.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240084278
who-ppt
WHO. Positive Psychotherapy recognized as cross-cultural therapeutic method.
https://www.wapp.org
who-pfa
WHO. (2011). Psychological First Aid: Guide for Field Workers.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241548205
nice-selfharm
NICE. (2022). Self-harm: Assessment, management and preventing recurrence (NG225).
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng225

Meta-Analyses & Research Reviews

aalbers2017
Aalbers, S., et al. (2017). Music therapy for depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004517.pub3
abbass2012
Abbass, A.A., et al. (2012). ISTDP: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 20(2), 97-108.
https://doi.org/10.3109/10673229.2012.677347
abbass2014
Abbass, A.A., et al. (2014). Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapies for common mental disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004687.pub4
adler2021
Adler, S.P., et al. (2021). Clinical hypnosis for chronic pain: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 69(3), 279-309.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2020.100219
alexander2013
Alexander, J.F. & Parsons, B.V. (2013). Functional Family Therapy: Clinical Model. Routledge.
https://www.routledge.com/Functional-Family-Therapy/Alexander-Waldron-Robbins-Neeb/p/book/9781138514867
bateman2009
Bateman, A. & Fonagy, P. (2009). RCT of outpatient MBT vs structured clinical management for BPD. AJP, 166(12), 1355-1364.
https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09040539
berne1964
Berne, E. (1964). Games People Play: The Psychology of Human Relationships. Grove Press.
https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/55068/games-people-play-by-eric-berne-md/
boss1979
Boss, M. (1979). Existential Foundations of Medicine and Psychology. Jason Aronson.
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1318688.Existential_Foundations_of_Medicine_and_Psychology
bowen2014
Bowen, S., et al. (2014). Relative efficacy of MBRP vs relapse prevention and treatment as usual. JAMA Psychiatry, 71(5), 547-556.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.93
brom2017
Brom, D., et al. (2017). Somatic Experiencing for PTSD: A randomized controlled outcome study. JTS, 30(3), 304-312.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22189
burlingame2016
Burlingame, G.M., et al. (2016). Cohesion in group therapy: A meta-analysis. Psychotherapy, 53(4), 351-363.
https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000091
carlson2006
Carlson, J., et al. (2006). Adlerian Therapy: Theory and Practice. APA.
https://www.apa.org/pubs/books/4317164
chen2014
Chen, Y.R., et al. (2014). Efficacy of EMDR for PTSD: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 55, 18-28.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.02.004
clarkin2007
Clarkin, J.F., et al. (2007). Evaluating three treatments for BPD. AJP, 164(6), 922-928.
https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.922
clinton2006
Clinton, A. (2006). AIT: Advanced Integrative Therapy. In Energy Psychology in Psychotherapy. Crown House Publishing.
https://aitinstitute.org
cloitre2010
Cloitre, M., et al. (2010). Treatment for PTSD related to childhood abuse: An RCT (STAIR/NST). AJP, 167(8), 915-924.
https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09081247
comstock2008
Comstock, D.L., et al. (2008). Relational-cultural theory: A framework for bridging relational, multicultural, and social justice competencies. JCD, 86(3), 279-287.
https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2008.tb00625.x
cuijpers2011
Cuijpers, P., et al. (2011). IPT for depression: A meta-analysis. AJP, 168(6), 581-592.
https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10101411
cuijpers2019
Cuijpers, P., et al. (2019). A meta-analysis of CBT for adult depression. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 64(5), 291-301.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101786
david2018
David, D., et al. (2018). Meta-analysis of REBT efficacy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74(3), 304-318.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22514
davis2021
Davis, A.K., et al. (2021). Psilocybin-assisted therapy for MDD: RCT. JAMA Psychiatry, 78(5), 481-489.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285
driessen2015
Driessen, E., et al. (2015). Efficacy of STPP for depression: A meta-analysis update. Clinical Psychology Review, 42, 1-15.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.07.004
ecker2012
Ecker, B., et al. (2012). Unlocking the Emotional Brain. Routledge.
https://www.routledge.com/Unlocking-the-Emotional-Brain/Ecker-Ticic-Hulley/p/book/9780415897167
ekers2014
Ekers, D., et al. (2014). Behavioural activation for depression: meta-analysis update. PLoS ONE, 9(6), e100100.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100100
elliott2013
Elliott, R., et al. (2013). Research on humanistic-experiential psychotherapies. In Lambert (Ed.), Handbook of Psychotherapy (6th ed.).
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118133880.hop205004
epstein1995
Epstein, M. (1995). Thoughts Without a Thinker: Psychotherapy from a Buddhist Perspective. Basic Books.
https://www.basicbooks.com/titles/mark-epstein/thoughts-without-a-thinker/9780465085859/
fosha2000
Fosha, D. (2000). The Transforming Power of Affect: A Model for Accelerated Change. Basic Books.
https://www.basicbooks.com/titles/diana-fosha/the-transforming-power-of-affect/9780465095674/
gendlin1996
Gendlin, E.T. (1996). Focusing-Oriented Psychotherapy: A Manual of the Experiential Method. Guilford Press.
https://www.guilford.com/books/Focusing-Oriented-Psychotherapy/Eugene-Gendlin/9781572300170
gingerich2013
Gingerich, W.J. & Peterson, L.T. (2013). Effectiveness of SFBT: A systematic review. RSWP, 23(3), 266-283.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731512470859
gloster2020
Gloster, A.T., et al. (2020). Empirical status of ACT: A review of meta-analyses. JCBS, 18, 181-192.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212144720301307
goldberg2018
Goldberg, S.B., et al. (2018). Mindfulness-based interventions for psychiatric disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 59, 52-60.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.10.011
goldsby2017
Goldsby, T.L., et al. (2017). Effects of singing bowl sound meditation on mood, tension, and well-being. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alt Medicine, 22(3), 401-406.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.12.004
goodwin2022
Goodwin, G.M., et al. (2022). Single-dose psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression. NEJM, 387(18), 1637-1648.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2206443
gorman2021
Gorman, I., et al. (2021). Psychedelic harm reduction and integration: A transtheoretical model for clinical practice. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 645246.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.645246
gottman2015
Gottman, J.M. & Silver, N. (2015). The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work (rev. ed.). Harmony Books.
https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/86712/the-seven-principles-for-making-marriage-work-by-john-gottman-phd/
gottman1999
Gottman, J.M. (1999). The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work. Harmony Books.
https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/86712/the-seven-principles-for-making-marriage-work-by-john-gottman-phd/
grof1988
Grof, S. (1988). The Adventure of Self-Discovery. SUNY Press.
https://sunypress.edu/Books/T/The-Adventure-of-Self-Discovery
grossman2023
Grossman, P. (2023). Fundamental challenges to the polyvagal theory. Biological Psychology, 180, 108589.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108589
haley1976
Haley, J. (1976). Problem-Solving Therapy. Jossey-Bass.
https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Problem+Solving+Therapy-p-9781555423629
hendricks1996
Hendricks, M.N. (1996). Experiencing level as a therapeutic variable. Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies, 13(2), 59-72.
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/820445.Focusing_Oriented_Experiential_Psychotherapy
hendricks2000
Hendricks, M.N. (2000). Research basis for focusing. In Cain & Seeman (Eds.), Humanistic Psychotherapies: Handbook of Research.
https://doi.org/10.1037/10439-016
hendricks2001
Hendricks, M.N. (2001). Focusing-oriented/experiential psychotherapy. In Cain & Seeman (Eds.), Humanistic Psychotherapies: Handbook of Research. APA.
https://doi.org/10.1037/10439-017
imago1988
Hendrix, H. (1988). Getting the Love You Want: A Guide for Couples. Henry Holt.
https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/36080/getting-the-love-you-want-revised-edition-by-harville-hendrix-phd/
hildebrand2017
Hildebrand, A., et al. (2017). Investigation of brainspotting effectiveness: RCT results. Trauma & Gewalt, 11(3).
https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22154
hodgdon2022
Hodgdon, H.B., et al. (2022). IFS therapy for PTSD: An RCT. JTS, 35(5), 1429-1439.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22858
jauhar2014
Jauhar, S., et al. (2014). CBT for symptoms of schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. BJP, 204(1), 20-29.
https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.112.116285
jobes2016
Jobes, D.A. (2016). Managing Suicidal Risk: A Collaborative Approach (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
https://www.guilford.com/books/Managing-Suicidal-Risk/David-Jobes/9781462526901
johnson2019
Johnson, S.M. (2019). Attachment Theory in Practice: EFT with Individuals, Couples, and Families. Guilford Press.
https://www.guilford.com/books/Attachment-Theory-in-Practice/Sue-Johnson/9781462538249
jones2018
Jones, C., et al. (2018). CBT vs other psychosocial treatments for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008712.pub2
kaplan2020
Kaplan, C. & Barker, G. (2020). Art therapy in mental health: A systematic review. Art Therapy, 37(4), 180-189.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07421656.2020.1756141
keller2000
Keller, M.B., et al. (2000). A comparison of nefazodone, CBASP, and their combination for chronic depression. NEJM, 342(20), 1462-1470.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200005183422001
khoury2013
Khoury, B., et al. (2013). Mindfulness-based therapy: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(6), 763-771.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.05.005
kip2013
Kip, K.E., et al. (2013). RCT of ART for combat-related PTSD. Military Medicine, 178(12), 1298-1309.
https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-13-00298
kipper2003
Kipper, D.A. & Ritchie, T.D. (2003). The effectiveness of psychodramatic techniques: A meta-analysis. Group Dynamics, 7(1), 13-25.
https://doi.org/10.1037/h0088928
kirby2017
Kirby, J.N., et al. (2017). Meta-analysis of compassion-based interventions. Behavior Therapy, 48(6), 778-792.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2017.06.003
kishimoto2016
Kishimoto, T., et al. (2016). Single-dose ketamine for depression: A meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 46(7), 1459-1472.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001270
kitanishi1995
Kitanishi, K. & Mori, A. (1995). Morita therapy: 1919 to 1995. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 49(5-6), 245-254.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.1995.tb01924.x
kuyken2016
Kuyken, W., et al. (2016). MBCT in prevention of depressive relapse: IPD meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 73(6), 565-574.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27119968/
lacan1966
Lacan, J. (1966/2006). Écrits: The First Complete Edition in English. Trans. B. Fink. Norton.
https://wwnorton.com/books/9780393061154
lazarus1989
Lazarus, A.A. (1989). The Practice of Multimodal Therapy. Johns Hopkins University Press.
https://press.jhu.edu/books/title/2428/practice-multimodal-therapy
leich2008
Leichsenring, F. & Rabung, S. (2008). Effectiveness of long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy: A meta-analysis. JAMA, 300(13), 1551-1565.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18827212/
leich2023
Leichsenring, F., et al. (2023). The status of psychodynamic psychotherapy as an EST — an umbrella review. World Psychiatry, 22(2), 286-304.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10168167/
lely2019
Lely, J.C.G., et al. (2019). Effectiveness of NET: A review. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1550344.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20008198.2018.1550232
lieberman2005
Lieberman, A.F., et al. (2005). CPP: 6-month follow-up of an RCT. JAACAP, 44(12), 1241-1248.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16292115/
litz2021
Litz, B.T., et al. (2021). A randomized clinical trial of adaptive disclosure, a brief exposure-based intervention for moral injury. Behavior Therapy, 52(4), 854-869.
https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000662
lowen1975
Lowen, A. (1975). Bioenergetics: The Revolutionary Therapy That Uses the Language of the Body. Penguin.
https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/330722/bioenergetics-by-alexander-lowen/
lundahl2010
Lundahl, B.W., et al. (2010). A meta-analysis of motivational interviewing. Research on Social Work Practice, 20(2), 137-160.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731509347850
lynch2020
Lynch, T.R., et al. (2020). RO-DBT for refractory anorexia. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 141, 103922.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2021.103922
manfield2017
Manfield, P., et al. (2017). Safety and efficacy of the Flash Technique: An RCT. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 11(3), 113-125.
https://doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.11.4.195
mccullough2000
McCullough, J.P. (2000). Treatment for Chronic Depression: CBASP. Guilford Press.
https://www.guilford.com/books/Treatment-for-Chronic-Depression/James-McCullough/9781572309654
minuchin1974
Minuchin, S. (1974). Families and Family Therapy. Harvard University Press.
https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674007659
mitchell2021
Mitchell, J.M., et al. (2021). MDMA-assisted therapy for severe PTSD: Phase 3 study. Nature Medicine, 27(6), 1025-1033.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01336-3
mitchell1988
Mitchell, S.A. (1988). Relational Concepts in Psychoanalysis: An Integration. Harvard University Press.
https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674754119
morita1998
Morita, S. (1998). Morita Therapy and the True Nature of Anxiety-Based Disorders (Shinkeishitsu). Trans. A. Kondo. SUNY Press.
https://sunypress.edu/Books/M/Morita-Therapy-and-the-True-Nature-of-Anxiety-Based-Disorders-Shinkeishitsu
najavits2002
Najavits, L.M. (2002). Seeking Safety: A Treatment Manual for PTSD and Substance Abuse. Guilford Press.
https://www.guilford.com/books/Seeking-Safety/Lisa-Najavits/9781572306394
norcross2005
Norcross, J.C. & Goldfried, M.R. (Eds.). (2005). Handbook of Psychotherapy Integration (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
https://academic.oup.com/book/5393
normann2018
Normann, N. & Morina, N. (2018). Efficacy of metacognitive therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2211.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027273581730445X
ogden2006
Ogden, P., Minton, K., & Pain, C. (2006). Trauma and the Body: A Sensorimotor Approach to Psychotherapy. W.W. Norton.
https://wwnorton.com/books/9780393706864
pace2012
Pace, P. (2012). Lifespan Integration: Connecting Ego States through Time (5th ed.). Eirene Imprint.
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/18289759-lifespan-integration
ray2015
Ray, D.C., et al. (2015). Child-centered play therapy outcome research: A meta-analysis. JCD, 93(1), 45-58.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25540900/
reich1945
Reich, W. (1945). Character Analysis (3rd ed.). Orgone Institute Press. (Original work published 1933)
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/277662.Character_Analysis
reichow2018
Reichow, B., et al. (2018). Early intensive behavioral intervention for autism. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009260.pub3
roesler2013
Roesler, C. (2013). Evidence for effectiveness of Jungian psychotherapy. Behavioral Sciences, 3(4), 562-575.
https://doi.org/10.3390/bs3040562
sakiris2019
Sakiris, N. & Berle, D. (2019). Unified Protocol meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 72, 101751.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101751
sanders2012
Sanders, M.R., et al. (2012). The Triple P system of parenting support: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(4), 337-357.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272735812001092
seidler2018
Seidler, Z.E., Rice, S.M., Ogrodniczuk, J.S., Oliffe, J.L., & Dhillon, H.M. (2018). Engaging men in psychological treatment: A scoping review. American Journal of Men's Health, 12(6), 1882-1900.
https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000103
seikkula2006
Seikkula, J. & Arnkil, T.E. (2006). Dialogical Meetings in Social Networks. Routledge.
https://www.routledge.com/Dialogical-Meetings-in-Social-Networks/Seikkula-Arnkil/p/book/9781855753822
shear2005
Shear, K., Frank, E., Houck, P.R., & Reynolds, C.F. (2005). Treatment of complicated grief: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 293(21), 2601-2608.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.293.21.2601
shear2014
Shear, M.K., et al. (2014). Optimizing treatment of complicated grief: An RCT. JAMA Psychiatry, 71(12), 1287-1295.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25372520/
siegel2012
Siegel, D.J. (2012). The Developing Mind: How Relationships and the Brain Interact to Shape Who We Are (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
https://www.guilford.com/books/The-Developing-Mind/Daniel-Siegel/9781462542758
stanley2012
Stanley, B. & Brown, G.K. (2012). Safety planning intervention: A brief intervention to mitigate suicide risk. Cognitive & Behavioral Practice, 19(2), 256-264.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025180
storebo2020
Storebø, O.J., et al. (2020). Psychological therapies for BPD. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012955.pub2
stroebe1999
Stroebe, M. & Schut, H. (1999). The dual process model of coping with bereavement: Rationale and description. Death Studies, 23(3), 197-224.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07481189908252553
szapocznik2012
Szapocznik, J., et al. (2012). Brief strategic family therapy for adolescent drug abuse. NIDA Treatment Manuals.
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/14359636-brief-strategic-family-therapy
taylor2017
Taylor, C.D.J., et al. (2017). Effectiveness of schema therapy for personality disorders. BJCP, 56(1), 86-108.
https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12145
town2017
Town, J.M., et al. (2017). ISTDP: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Harvard Rev Psychiatry, 25(6), 280-290.
https://doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000174
vanderhartetal2006
Van der Hart, O., Nijenhuis, E.R.S., & Steele, K. (2006). The Haunted Self: Structural Dissociation and the Treatment of Chronic Traumatization. W.W. Norton.
https://wwnorton.com/books/9780393704013
vanderstouwe2014
Van der Stouwe, T., et al. (2014). Effectiveness of MST: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(6), 468-481.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272735813001451
vos2015
Vos, J., et al. (2015). Psychotherapy for meaning and purpose: A meta-analysis. Palliative & Supportive Care, 13(6), 1645-1668.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1478951514001114
wampold2015
Wampold, B.E. (2015). How important are the common factors in psychotherapy? An update. World Psychiatry, 14(3), 270-277.
https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20238
watkins2018
Watkins, J.G. & Barabasz, A. (2018). Ego State Therapy. In Clinical Hypnosis in Pain Therapy. Routledge.
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/36147389-advanced-hypnotherapy
white1990
White, M. & Epston, D. (1990). Narrative Means to Therapeutic Ends. Norton.
https://wwnorton.com/books/9780393700985
wiebe2016
Wiebe, S.A. & Johnson, S.M. (2016). Review of research in EFT for couples. Family Process, 55(3), 390-407.
https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12229
worden2018
Worden, J.W. (2018). Grief Counseling and Grief Therapy: A Handbook for the Mental Health Practitioner (5th ed.). Springer.
https://www.springerpub.com/grief-counseling-and-grief-therapy-9780826134745.html
worell2003
Worell, J. & Remer, P. (2003). Feminist Perspectives in Therapy: Empowering Diverse Women (2nd ed.). Wiley.
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/3356397-feminist-perspectives-in-therapy
wubbolding2011
Wubbolding, R.E. (2011). Reality Therapy: Theories of Psychotherapy Series. APA.
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https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/57651/eichmann-in-jerusalem-by-arendt-hannah/9780143039884
mate-hungry
Maté, G. (2008). In the Realm of Hungry Ghosts: Close Encounters with Addiction.
https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/298504/in-the-realm-of-hungry-ghosts-by-gabor-mate-md/
mate-myth
Maté, G. (2022). The Myth of Normal: Trauma, Illness, and Healing in a Toxic Culture.
https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/608917/the-myth-of-normal-by-gabor-mate-md/
fisher-hfs
Fisher, J. (2017). Healing the Fragmented Selves of Trauma Survivors: Overcoming Internal Self-Alienation.
https://www.routledge.com/Healing-the-Fragmented-Selves-of-Trauma-Survivors/Fisher/p/book/9780415708234

Controversy References

Sources cited for publicly documented incidents involving modalities, founders, and organizations.

[1]
Kowalczyk, L. (2018). Allegations of employee mistreatment roil renowned Brookline trauma center. The Boston Globe.
https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2018/03/07/allegations-employee-mistreatment-roil-renowned-trauma-center/sWW13agQDY9B9A1rt9eqnK/story.html
[2]
Abcarian, R. (2018). Famed trauma therapist responds to allegations of bullying. Yahoo Lifestyle.
https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/famed-trauma-therapist-responds-allegations-bullying-outrageous-story-213600039.html
[3]
Grey Faction. (2019). Allegations against Bessel van der Kolk.
https://greyfaction.org/resources/grey-faction-reports/allegations-against-bessel-van-der-kolk/
[4]
Castlewood Victims Unite. (2011–2021). Documentation of Castlewood Treatment Center lawsuits.
https://www.castlewoodvictimsunite.org/
[5]
New York Magazine / The Cut. (2025). Investigative report on Internal Family Systems therapy.
[6]
Nondual IFS. (2025). Clinical and methodological analysis of The Cut’s coverage of IFS. Substack.
https://nondualifs.substack.com/p/a-clinical-and-methodological-analysis
[7]
Goldberg, J. (2025). The rapid and dubious rise of the internet’s new favorite therapy. The Nation.
https://www.thenation.com/article/society/internal-family-systems-scam/
[8]
Razvi, S. (n.d.). My story. Psychedelic Somatic Institute.
https://www.psychedelicsomatic.org/mystory
[9]
Intermountain Jewish News. (2025). Israeli denied participation at Denver’s Psychedelic Somatic Institute.
https://www.ijn.com/israeli-denied-participation-denver-psychedelic-somatic-institute/
[10]
Israellycool. (2025). PSI founder engages in damage control following discriminatory email.
https://www.israellycool.com/2025/02/27/psi-founder-saj-razvi-engages-in-damage-control-following-antisemitic-email/
[11]
Hall, W. (2021). Ending the silence around psychedelic therapy abuse. Mad in America.
https://www.madinamerica.com/2021/09/ending-silence-psychedelic-therapy-abuse/
[12]
Brodwin, E. (2021). How psychedelic therapy was undermined by abuse. Inverse.
https://www.inverse.com/mind-body/grossbard-bourzat-psychedelic-assisted-therapy-abuse
[13]
Hall, W. (2023). Psychedelic therapy abuse: Insurance fraud allegations. Medium.
https://medium.com/@willhall/psychedelic-therapy-abuse-are-grossbard-and-bourzat-committing-systematic-insurance-fraud-c155e7ce5367
[14]
Hall, W. (2021). Psychedelic therapy abuse: Experience with Grossbard and Bourzat. Medium.
https://medium.com/@willhall/psychedelic-therapy-abuse-my-experience-with-aharon-grossbard-francoise-bourzat-and-their-a1f0f6d06d64
[15]
Lace v. Grossbard (2000). Case No. CGC 00 316637. Superior Court of California.
[16]
Rosen, G. M. & Davison, G. C. (2023). Revisiting the origins of EMDR. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 53, 207–214.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10879-023-09582-x
[17]
Herbert, J. D. et al. (2000). Science and pseudoscience in the development of EMDR. Clinical Psychology Review, 20(8), 945–971.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.2000.tb00142.x
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Institute of Medicine. (2008). Treatment of PTSD: An Assessment of the Evidence. National Academies Press.
https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11955/treatment-of-posttraumatic-stress-disorder
[20]
Grossman, P. (2023). Fundamental challenges and likely refutations of polyvagal theory. Biological Psychology, 180, 108589.
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[21]
Wikipedia. (2026). Polyvagal theory.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvagal_theory
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Doody, J. S. et al. (2023). The evolution of sociality and the polyvagal theory. Biological Psychology, 180.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108553
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Clymene. (2022). Polyvagal theory is pseudoscience. Medium.
https://medium.com/@clymene/polyvagal-theory-is-pseudoscience-heres-why-139d8b41608d
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Porges, S. W. (2023). The vagal paradox: A polyvagal solution. Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology.
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Inman, P. (2023). Modality empires: The trouble with trademarked treatments. PainScience.com.
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Cover Story: Power Trip. (2022). [Podcast]. New York Magazine / Psymposia.
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[29]
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[30]
Ecstatic Integration. (2022). Psychedelic sex abuse: The problem is not going away.
https://www.ecstaticintegration.org/p/psychedelic-sex-abuse-the-problem
[31]
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https://www.davidprescott.net/articles/2022Villeneuve_%20Prescott_Psychedelics.pdf
[32]
Whitmore, V. (2024). Book review: No Bad Parts and IFS Skills Training Manual. Medium.
https://vico-whitmore.medium.com/book-review-no-bad-parts-and-internal-family-systems-skills-training-manual-c51443a176bf
[33]
Ling, D. (2022). Polyvagal Theory: Useful narrative but still just a theory. Psychology Today.
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/women-who-stray/202209/polyvagal-theory-useful-narrative-but-still-just-a-theory
[34]
Giroux, C. et al. (2023). Polyvagal approaches: Scientifically questionable but useful in practice. Journal of Psychiatry Reform.
https://journalofpsychiatryreform.com/2023/10/17/polyvagal-approaches-scientifically-questionable-but-useful-in-practice/
[35]
Pignotti, M. (2011). Update on Castlewood Treatment Center Lawsuit. Potentially Harmful Therapies [Blog].
https://phtherapies.wordpress.com/2011/12/11/update-on-castlewood-treatment-center-lawsuit-other-ex-patients-come-forward/
[36]
Truthdig. (2023). Power tripping: The psychedelic industry has a consent problem.
https://www.truthdig.com/articles/power-tripping-the-psychedelic-industry-has-a-consent-problem/
[38]
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https://www.choosingtherapy.com/betterhelp-controversy/
[39]
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306987723002256
[40]
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https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/brainspotting-is-classic-pseudoscience/
[41]
Lilienfeld, S.O. et al. (2015). Questionable and controversial treatments for trauma. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 60(7).
https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371506001203
[42]
Jauhar, S. et al. (2014). Cognitive-behavioural therapy for the symptoms of schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis with examination of potential bias. British Journal of Psychiatry, 204(1), 20–29.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24385461/
[43]
Laws, K.R. et al. (2018). Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for schizophrenia — outcomes for functioning, distress and quality of life: a meta-analysis. BMC Psychology, 6(32).
https://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40359-018-0243-2
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McKenna, P.J. & Kingdon, D.G. (2014). Has cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis been oversold? BMJ, 348, g2295.
https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.113.141853
[45]
Sokal, A. & Bricmont, J. (1998). Fashionable Nonsense: Postmodern Intellectuals’ Abuse of Science. Picador.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashionable_Nonsense
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Dawkins, R. (1998). Review of Intellectual Impostures. Nature, 394, 141–143.
https://physics.nyu.edu/sokal/dawkins.html
[47]
Thomason, T.C. (2016). The shadow side of the great psychotherapists. Counseling & Wellness: A Professional Counseling Journal, 5.
https://openknowledge.nau.edu/2346/7/Thomason_T_2016_The_Shadow_Side_of_the_Great_Psychotherapists(1).pdf
[48]
Prospect Magazine (2007). Albert Ellis: the foul-mouthed father of cognitive therapy. Last interview before his death.
https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/essays/51968/albert-ellis
[49]
Martin, J. (2025). Carl Rogers’ struggle to be ‘real’ and its implications. History of the Human Sciences.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09593543251324158
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Kirschenbaum, H. (2007). The Life and Work of Carl Rogers. American Counseling Association.
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Ecstatic Integration (2024). Does Dionysian Gestalt have an abuse problem?
https://www.ecstaticintegration.org/p/does-dionysian-gestalt-have-an-abuse
[52]
Masson, J. (1988). Against Therapy: Emotional Tyranny and the Myth of Psychological Healing. Atheneum.
https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Against-Therapy/Jeffrey-Masson/9780689119293
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Kerr, J. (1993). A Most Dangerous Method: The Story of Jung, Freud, and Sabina Spielrein. Knopf.
https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/56806/a-most-dangerous-method-by-john-kerr/
[54]
Cocks, G. (1997). Psychotherapy in the Third Reich: The Göring Institute (2nd ed.). Transaction Publishers.
https://www.routledge.com/Psychotherapy-in-the-Third-Reich/Cocks/p/book/9781560009047
[55]
Laurenceau, J.-P. et al. (2004). The prediction of marital dissolution: Reconsidering the role of four horsemen. Unpublished critique of Gottman prediction claims.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.72.2.149
[56]
SAGE Encyclopedia of Theory in Counseling and Psychotherapy: Perls, Fritz. Entry on boundary confusion at Esalen.
https://gatla.org/wp-content/uploads/reader/Fritz-Perls.pdf
[57]
PBS NewsHour / Associated Press. (2023). Autopsy report shows actor Matthew Perry died from effects of ketamine.
https://www.pbs.org/newshour/arts/autopsy-report-shows-actor-matthew-perry-died-from-effects-of-ketamine
[58]
NBC News. (2021). A decades-long fight over an electric shock treatment led to an FDA ban. But the fight is far from over.
https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-care/decades-long-fight-over-electric-shock-treatment-led-fda-ban-n1265546
[59]
Autistic Self Advocacy Network (ASAN). (2022). ABAI Finally Opposes the Use of Electric Shocks at the JRC.
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[60]
U.S. FDA. (2016/2020). Banned Devices; Proposal To Ban Electrical Stimulation Devices Used To Treat Self-Injurious or Aggressive Behavior.
https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2016/04/25/2016-09433/banned-devices-proposal-to-ban-electrical-stimulation-devices-used-to-treat-self-injurious-or
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