Conditions & Presenting Issues

22 clinical conditions, each mapped to the therapeutic modalities that treat them. Treatments are ranked by evidence tier — guideline-recommended, RCT-supported, or emerging — so you can see not just what options exist but how strong the case is for each one. Every condition page links to the modalities that address it, the vignettes that illustrate it, and the philosophical disagreements about how to understand it.

Mood

Depression & Mood Disorders

Persistent low mood, loss of interest, fatigue, sleep/appetite disruption, and cognitive changes. Includes major depressive disorder, persis…

81 modalities 12 guideline-recommended

~8% of US adults had a major depressive episode in the past year (NIMH, from NSDUH 2021); ~21% lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder (NESARC-III, Hasin et al., 2018)

Depressive Disorders / Bipolar and Related Disorders (DSM-5-TR)

Suicidality & Self-Harm

Suicidal ideation, planning, attempts, and non-suicidal self-injury. Not a diagnosis itself but a clinical priority cutting across many cond…

10 modalities 4 guideline-recommended

~5% of US adults had serious thoughts of suicide in the past year (5.5%, or 14.3 million people, NSDUH 2024)

Cross-cutting. DSM-5-TR added billable codes for suicidal behavior (T14.91A / T14.91D, history Z91.51) and nonsuicidal self-injury (R45.88, history Z91.52) to Section II; suicidal behavior disorder and NSSI disorder themselves remain Section III conditions for further study

Anxiety

Anxiety Disorders

Excessive worry, fear, or avoidance that interferes with daily functioning. Includes generalized anxiety (GAD), panic disorder, social anxie…

68 modalities 2 guideline-recommended

~19% of US adults in any given year; ~31% lifetime (NIMH, from National Comorbidity Survey Replication data collected 2001 to 2003)

Anxiety Disorders (DSM-5-TR)

OCD

OCD & Related Disorders

Intrusive obsessions and/or compulsive behaviors. Includes OCD, body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding, trichotillomania, and excoriation. ERP i…

6 modalities 2 guideline-recommended

~2.3% lifetime and ~1.2% past year for OCD (NIMH, from NCS-R)

Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders (DSM-5-TR)

Trauma & Dissociation

PTSD & Acute Trauma

Intrusions, avoidance, negative cognitions/mood, and hyperarousal following exposure to a traumatic event. Includes PTSD and acute stress di…

54 modalities 10 guideline-recommended

~6.8% lifetime and ~3.6% past year (NIMH, from NCS-R); ~9.7% lifetime in women versus ~3.6% in men; higher still in combat veterans and assault survivors

Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders (DSM-5-TR)

Complex Trauma / Developmental Trauma

Emotional dysregulation, negative self-concept, and relational difficulties following prolonged or repeated trauma, often in childhood. ICD-…

40 modalities 2 guideline-recommended

Not captured by DSM-based surveys. ICD-11 CPTSD pools at roughly 4% in general-population samples from non-war-exposed high-income countries, against about 2% for ICD-11 PTSD; substantially higher in trauma-exposed and clinical samples

Not a DSM-5-TR diagnosis. ICD-11 category 6B41 (Complex post-traumatic stress disorder); in DSM terms it overlaps PTSD and the personality disorders

Dissociative Disorders

Disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception. Includes DID, depersonalization/derealization, and dissociative amnesia. Ofte…

11 modalities 1 guideline-recommended

~2-6% lifetime for pathological dissociation in community samples; ~1-1.5% for dissociative identity disorder; substantially higher in trauma-exposed and clinical populations

Dissociative Disorders (DSM-5-TR)

Personality & Relational

Personality Disorders

Enduring patterns of inner experience and behavior that deviate from cultural expectations, are pervasive and inflexible, and cause distress…

24 modalities 4 guideline-recommended

~8% globally and ~9.6% in high-income countries (Winsper et al., 2020, meta-analysis); ~40-60% of clinical populations

Personality Disorders (DSM-5-TR)

Attachment & Relational Patterns

Insecure attachment styles (anxious, avoidant, disorganized) that create recurring difficulties in relationships, emotion regulation, and se…

46 modalities 2 guideline-recommended

~40% of adults in non-clinical samples are classified insecure, against about 58% secure, in Adult Attachment Interview meta-analyses; markedly higher in clinical populations

Attachment style is not a DSM diagnosis, though DSM-5-TR does include reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder for early childhood. Relational patterns underlie many conditions

Couples & Relationship Distress

Communication breakdown, conflict patterns, emotional disconnection, infidelity, and attachment injuries. EFT, Gottman Method, and IBCT have…

17 modalities 2 guideline-recommended

About 40% of first marriages are currently projected to end in divorce; the familiar '50%' is a late-1970s extrapolation that US divorce rates, falling since their 1980 peak, never reached. Relationship distress is far more common than divorce and is a leading reason couples seek therapy

Not a mental disorder; Z codes in DSM-5-TR (for example Z63.0, relationship distress with spouse or intimate partner)

Substance Use & Eating

Substance Use & Addictions

Compulsive use despite consequences, tolerance, withdrawal, and functional impairment. Includes alcohol, opioids, stimulants, cannabis, and …

29 modalities 6 guideline-recommended

~17% of Americans aged 12 and older met criteria for a substance use disorder in the past year (16.8%, or 48.4 million people, NSDUH 2024)

Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders (DSM-5-TR)

Eating Disorders

Severe disturbances in eating behaviors and related thoughts/emotions. Includes anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, an…

13 modalities 2 guideline-recommended

Estimates vary by method: ~2% of US adults for anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating disorder combined (NESARC-III), against ~8.4% of women and ~2.2% of men once broader diagnoses are counted (Galmiche et al., 2019). Anorexia carries among the highest mortality of any psychiatric disorder

Feeding and Eating Disorders (DSM-5-TR)

Psychosis

Psychosis & Schizophrenia Spectrum

Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking/behavior, and negative symptoms. Psychotherapy is typically adjunct to medication. CBTp has…

6 modalities 2 guideline-recommended

~0.3-0.7% lifetime for schizophrenia; the familiar '1%' is an overestimate that predates modern systematic reviews. Roughly 6% of the general population report a psychotic experience at some point (McGrath et al., 2015)

Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders (DSM-5-TR)

Neurodevelopmental

Adult ADHD

Persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity that began in childhood and continue to cause functional impairment in…

~4.4% of US adults by diagnostic interview (NCS-R) and ~6% reporting a current diagnosis in 2023 (CDC). Worldwide, ~2.6% for ADHD persisting from childhood and ~6.8% for symptomatic adult ADHD regardless of documented childhood onset (Song et al., 2021); widely considered underdiagnosed

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (DSM-5-TR)

Autism & Neurodevelopmental

Differences in social communication, sensory processing, and behavioral flexibility. Therapeutic approaches range from behavioral (ABA) to d…

2 modalities 1 guideline-recommended

~3.2% of 8-year-olds, or 1 in 31 (CDC ADDM Network, 2022 surveillance year, published 2025)

Neurodevelopmental Disorders (DSM-5-TR)

Children & Families

Child & Adolescent Behavioral Problems

Oppositional behavior, aggression, conduct problems, and emotional dysregulation in youth. Includes ODD, conduct disorder, and ADHD-related …

20 modalities 8 guideline-recommended

~3.3% for ODD and ~4% (median) for conduct disorder per DSM-5-TR; community estimates for ODD mostly fall between 3% and 6%

Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders (DSM-5-TR)

Body & Medical

Chronic Pain & Somatic Symptoms

Persistent pain or somatic symptoms with significant psychological components. Includes somatic symptom disorder, illness anxiety, and chron…

21 modalities 2 guideline-recommended

~24% of US adults had chronic pain and ~9% had high-impact chronic pain in 2023 (NCHS, National Health Interview Survey)

Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders (DSM-5-TR)

Insomnia & Sleep Disorders

Persistent difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, early morning awakening, or nonrestorative sleep that impairs daytime functioning. In…

~30-35% of adults report insomnia symptoms; ~10% meet criteria for chronic insomnia disorder, with published estimates running from 6% to 15% depending on how strictly daytime impairment is required

Sleep-Wake Disorders (DSM-5-TR)

Perinatal Mental Health

Mental health difficulties arising during pregnancy or the first year postpartum. Includes perinatal depression, perinatal anxiety, postpart…

~13% of birthing parents report postpartum depressive symptoms (CDC PRAMS), and roughly 1 in 5 experience a perinatal mood or anxiety disorder of some kind; higher in low-income populations and those with prior mental health history

'With peripartum onset' specifier for depressive and bipolar disorders (DSM-5-TR), covering onset in pregnancy or the four weeks after delivery. There is no equivalent specifier for perinatal anxiety, OCD, or PTSD, and the four-week window excludes much of what clinicians see

Sexual Dysfunction & Intimacy Concerns

Difficulties with sexual desire, arousal, orgasm, pain during sex, or overall sexual satisfaction that cause personal distress or interperso…

~44% of US women and ~31% of men report some sexual problem, but only ~12% of women report a sexual problem accompanied by distress, which is what a DSM-5-TR diagnosis requires. Prevalence varies sharply by specific condition, age, and gender

Sexual Dysfunctions (DSM-5-TR)

Existential

Existential & Meaning-Making Concerns

Questions about purpose, mortality, freedom, isolation, and meaning, particularly during life transitions, terminal illness, or crises. Not …

Universal human concern; heightened during transitions and illness

Not a mental disorder; may overlap adjustment disorders and DSM-5-TR Z codes (for example Z60.0, phase of life problem, or Z65.8, religious or spiritual problem)

Grief & Loss

Normal and complicated grief following bereavement, other losses, or life transitions. Prolonged grief disorder is now a DSM-5-TR diagnosis.…

22 modalities 1 guideline-recommended

~10% of bereaved adults develop prolonged grief (Lundorff et al., 2017, pooled across 14 studies); higher after violent or sudden loss

Prolonged Grief Disorder (DSM-5-TR, new in TR)