Substance Use & Addictions
Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders (DSM-5-TR)
Compulsive use despite consequences, tolerance, withdrawal, and functional impairment. Includes alcohol, opioids, stimulants, cannabis, and behavioral addictions. Psychosocial recommendations vary by substance, treatment goal, and stage of recovery.
Sources for the corrected statements:
Prevalence: ~17% of Americans aged 12 and older met criteria for a substance use disorder in the past year (16.8%, or 48.4 million people, NSDUH 2024)
Clinical Picture
Substance use disorders sit at the intersection of neurobiology, psychology, social context, and meaning. The field has moved substantially from the moral model ('addiction as character flaw') and even from the pure disease model toward a more integrated understanding that includes developmental trauma, affect dysregulation, social determinants, and the genuine (if destructive) function that substances serve. Motivational Interviewing's foundational insight, that ambivalence about change is normal, not pathological, has transformed how clinicians across all modalities approach substance use.
Treatment Considerations
Two medical facts sit underneath everything else here. Withdrawal from alcohol and from benzodiazepines can kill and needs medical management, unlike opioid withdrawal, which is agonizing but rarely dangerous; students often have this backwards. And tolerance falls during any period of abstinence, which makes the weeks after a treatment episode, a hospitalization, or a jail release the highest-risk window for fatal opioid overdose, so naloxone and medications for opioid use disorder belong in the plan alongside therapy. Beyond that: Motivational Interviewing is the entry point for many clients who are ambivalent about change. CBT-based approaches (including relapse prevention) address the cognitive and behavioral patterns that maintain use. Contingency Management has some of the strongest effect sizes in the addiction literature but remains underused due to implementation challenges. For clients whose substance use is intertwined with trauma history (which is the majority), integrated treatment that addresses both simultaneously outperforms sequential treatment. 12-step facilitation remains widely available and effective for many, though its spiritual framework isn't a fit for everyone.
Approaches and Evidence
Of 29 associated approaches, 3 have completed assessments for this topic, 13 have source checks awaiting assessment, and 13 have neither recorded yet. Each completed assessment states its population and rationale; source checks alone do not establish effectiveness. These categories describe different findings and review stages; they are not a ranking of treatments.
Guideline recommendation (3)
These assessments record a guideline recommendation for the stated population. Read the scope and rationale; a broad topic label does not make a recommendation applicable to everyone.
12-Step Facilitation
Nowinski / Baker / Carroll · 1992
Reviewed population: Adults with alcohol use disorder pursuing abstinence, including early recovery or after relapse, when 12-step involvement fits their preferences.
VA/DoD 2021 includes 12-step facilitation among AUD psychosocial options (15, Weak for; low-quality evidence). In early recovery or after relapse, recommendation 28 is Strong for systematic mutual-help engagement, with moderate-quality evidence, and includes 12-step facilitation among three options. Preference and availability matter. TSF is professional facilitation of 12-step participation, not a requirement that everyone attend AA; this abstinence-oriented option is not suited to a controlled-drinking goal.
Reviewed
Guidelines and official sources (3)
3 clinical guideline checks
Read the recommendation and its scope. A source may discuss an approach without recommending it.
- Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Substance Use Disorders
Recommendation for the stated population
VA/DoD suggests TSF for alcohol-use-disorder treatment. It also supports systematic mutual-help engagement, including TSF: strongly for alcohol recovery and weakly for drug-use-disorder recovery.
Scope: Alcohol-use-disorder treatment, and mutual-help engagement during early recovery or after relapse from alcohol or drug-use disorders.
- Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) guideline for mental, neurological and substance use disorders
Discussed in the source
WHO reports uncertainty about the effects of a 12-step approach compared with no treatment or usual care. DRU3 recommends CBT and contingency management; it does not positively recommend a 12-step protocol here.
Scope: Adults with cocaine or stimulant dependence.
- Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) guideline for mental, neurological and substance use disorders
Discussed in the source
12-step facilitation is discussed within the reviewed psychosocial interventions. WHO conditionally recommends structured psychosocial treatment as a group, with low-certainty evidence, while noting uncertainty about individual therapy types versus usual care.
Scope: Adults with alcohol dependence.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Aaron Beck · 1964
Reviewed population: Adults with harmful drinking or mild alcohol dependence, using CBT focused on alcohol-related problems.
NICE CG115 recommendation 1.3.3.1 offers an alcohol-focused psychological intervention, including cognitive behavioral therapies, for this population; 1.3.3.5 describes delivery. This assessment covers that alcohol-specific application of CBT, not every substance-use diagnosis or the medical management of withdrawal.
Reviewed
Guidelines and official sources (5)
5 clinical guideline checks
Read the recommendation and its scope. A source may discuss an approach without recommending it.
- Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Substance Use Disorders
Recommendation for the stated population
VA/DoD includes CBT among treatment options: weak recommendations for alcohol and cannabis use disorders, and a strong recommendation for initial cocaine-use-disorder treatment. Preference and availability guide selection.
Scope: Adults with alcohol-, cannabis-, or cocaine-use disorder.
- Clinical Practice Guideline for Tobacco Use Treatment
Insufficient evidence for or against
VA/DoD strongly supports more intensive counseling and finds insufficient evidence to prefer another counseling approach over standard CBT. That comparative uncertainty is not a recommendation against CBT.
Scope: Behavioral counseling for adult tobacco cessation.
- Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adults
Recommendation for the stated population
APA strongly recommends adding trauma-focused treatment in this specific combined-care comparison.
Scope: Adults with PTSD and co-occurring SUD; trauma-focused CBT plus usual SUD care versus usual SUD care alone.
- Psychosocial support for psychostimulant use disorders
Recommendation for the stated population
WHO strongly recommends CBT, with low-certainty evidence. This finding is specific to cocaine and stimulant dependence, rather than all substance use conditions.
Scope: Adults with cocaine or stimulant dependence.
- Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) guideline for mental, neurological and substance use disorders
Discussed in the source
CBT is discussed within the reviewed psychosocial interventions. WHO conditionally recommends structured psychosocial treatment as a group, with low-certainty evidence, while noting uncertainty about individual therapy types versus usual care.
Scope: Adults with alcohol dependence.
Contingency Management
Higgins / Petry · 1991
Reviewed population: Adults with stimulant use disorder, including cocaine or amphetamine/methamphetamine use disorder, receiving other psychosocial treatment.
ASAM/AAAP recommendation 5 gives a strong recommendation, with high certainty, for contingency management as a primary treatment component alongside other psychosocial interventions. VA/DoD 2021 recommends it with another behavioral intervention for cocaine use disorder (26, Strong for), and suggests that combination for amphetamine/methamphetamine use disorder (27, Weak for). These statements do not establish the same recommendation for alcohol or every substance-use disorder.
Reviewed
Guidelines and official sources (8)
6 clinical guideline checks · 1 research recommendations check · 1 regulatory source check
Read the recommendation and its scope. A source may discuss an approach without recommending it.
- CG115 recommendations for research
Research recommendation
NICE identifies an alcohol research question and asks for a trial. This is not a clinical recommendation to offer CM, nor a prohibition on use outside research.
Scope: Research into contingency management for alcohol-related problems.
- Drug misuse in over 16s: psychosocial interventions (CG51)
Recommendation for the stated population
NICE recommends introducing CM programs for these drug-treatment populations. This does not turn the separate alcohol research question into a clinical recommendation.
Scope: Over 16s receiving methadone maintenance or primarily misusing stimulants.
- Using SAMHSA Funds to Implement Evidence-Based Contingency Management Services
Discussed in the source
The January 2025 advisory documents funding and implementation conditions. It is a funding policy, not confirmation of the record’s 2023 date or a universal treatment mandate.
Scope: Authorized SAMHSA grants that include approved contingency-management activities.
- Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Substance Use Disorders
Recommendation for the stated population
VA/DoD recommends CM combined with another behavioral intervention for cocaine-use disorder and suggests that combination for amphetamine/methamphetamine-use disorder. The respective strengths are strong and weak.
Scope: Initial treatment of cocaine- or amphetamine/methamphetamine-use disorder.
- Clinical Practice Guideline for Tobacco Use Treatment
Recommendation for the stated population
VA/DoD weakly recommends CM or incentives in combination with behavioral counseling and pharmacotherapy. The recommendation is for this combined treatment package.
Scope: Adult tobacco or nicotine use treatment.
- Psychosocial support for psychostimulant use disorders
Recommendation for the stated population
WHO strongly recommends contingency management, with low-certainty evidence. This finding is specific to cocaine and stimulant dependence, rather than all substance use conditions.
Scope: Adults with cocaine or stimulant dependence.
- Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) guideline for mental, neurological and substance use disorders
Discussed in the source
Contingency management is discussed within the reviewed psychosocial interventions. WHO conditionally recommends structured psychosocial treatment as a group, with low-certainty evidence, while noting uncertainty about individual therapy types versus usual care.
Scope: Adults with alcohol dependence.
- The ASAM/AAAP Clinical Practice Guideline on the Management of Stimulant Use Disorder
Recommendation for the stated population
Strong recommendation with high certainty for contingency management as a primary component of treatment; scope is stimulant use disorder.
Scope: Stimulant use disorder; contingency management alongside other psychosocial interventions.
Source checks available — assessment pending (13)
Sources have been checked for this topic, but a condition-specific assessment has not been completed. Open the source notes to read each document’s population, recommendation and limitations.
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
Steven Hayes · 1999
Guidelines and official sources (2)
2 clinical guideline checks
Read the recommendation and its scope. A source may discuss an approach without recommending it.
- Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Substance Use Disorders
Insufficient evidence for or against
The guideline reviews ACT studies and finds insufficient evidence for or against the broader mindfulness-based treatment category. This is a neutral finding for this substance-use scope.
Scope: ACT within the review of mindfulness-based treatments for substance-use disorders.
- Clinical Practice Guideline for Tobacco Use Treatment
Insufficient evidence for or against
The guideline discusses ACT and finds insufficient evidence to recommend a specific behavioral counseling approach over standard CBT. Its description of ACT is not a separate positive recommendation.
Scope: ACT compared with standard CBT for adult tobacco cessation.
Behavioral Couples Therapy
Neil Jacobson / Gayla Margolin (after Stuart, Weiss) · 1979
Guidelines and official sources (2)
2 clinical guideline checks
Read the recommendation and its scope. A source may discuss an approach without recommending it.
- Alcohol-use disorders: diagnosis, assessment and management (CG115)
Discussed in the source
NICE recommends alcohol-focused behavioural couples therapy in this specified context, with explicit domestic-abuse exclusions. This alcohol-treatment adaptation is not a separate endorsement of every traditional couples-therapy protocol.
Scope: Harmful drinking or mild alcohol dependence; willing regular partner; excludes indicators of currently experiencing or perpetrating domestic abuse
- Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Substance Use Disorders
Discussed in the source
VA/DoD weakly recommends the alcohol-focused adaptation, which includes sobriety support and relationship work. This source does not separately endorse IBCT or all applications of couples therapy.
Scope: Behavioral couples therapy adapted for adults with alcohol-use disorder and a participating partner.
Brief Strategic Family Therapy
Jose Szapocznik · 1978
Guidelines and official sources (3)
2 clinical guideline checks · 1 professional reference check
Read the recommendation and its scope. A source may discuss an approach without recommending it.
- Brief Strategic Family Therapy for Adolescent Drug Abuse
Discussed in the source
NIDA published a research-based BSFT treatment manual. Publication and dissemination are different from a contemporary graded clinical recommendation.
Scope: Adolescent drug use with co-occurring behavioral problems.
- Alcohol-use disorders: diagnosis, assessment and management (CG115)
Recommendation for the stated population
NICE names BSFT among multicomponent programmes to offer for this alcohol-use population, and specifies its family-focused delivery.
Scope: BSFT for ages 10–17 with alcohol misuse and significant comorbidity or limited support.
- Psychosocial support for psychostimulant use disorders
Discussed in the source
The 2012 conditional recommendation included family therapy broadly. The 2023 update recommends CBT and contingency management; family and couples therapy were excluded from that review. Neither passage separately recommends BSFT.
Scope: Psychosocial treatment for cocaine or stimulant dependence.
Community Reinforcement Approach
George Hunt / Nathan Azrin · 1973
Guidelines and official sources (4)
2 clinical guideline checks · 2 professional reference checks
Read the recommendation and its scope. A source may discuss an approach without recommending it.
- Principles of Drug Addiction Treatment: A Research-Based Guide, Third Edition
Discussed in the source
NIDA describes a combined CRA-plus-vouchers intervention in its research-based guide. This is not a graded recommendation for every CRA use.
Scope: CRA plus vouchers for substance-use treatment.
- TIP 34: Brief Interventions and Brief Therapies for Substance Abuse, Chapter 4
Discussed in the source
SAMHSA discusses CRA in a treatment-improvement protocol. This source does not establish the separately claimed historical registry listing.
Scope: Behavioral treatment of alcohol and other substance-use problems.
- Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Substance Use Disorders
Recommendation for the stated population
VA/DoD suggests CRA for alcohol-use disorder and includes it among strongly recommended recovery-focused options for cocaine-use disorder. The combination requirement in recommendation 26 applies to the separate CM option.
Scope: Adults with alcohol-use disorder or initial cocaine-use-disorder treatment.
- Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) guideline for mental, neurological and substance use disorders
Discussed in the source
The review includes community reinforcement within the cognitive-behavioral approach category. DRU3 recommends CBT and contingency management; it does not separately grade CRA.
Scope: Adults with cocaine or stimulant dependence.
Functional Family Therapy
Alexander / Parsons · 1973
Guidelines and official sources (3)
1 clinical guideline check · 1 evidence registry check · 1 professional reference check
Read the recommendation and its scope. A source may discuss an approach without recommending it.
- Functional Family Therapy (FFT): program profile
Discussed in the source
The current Blueprints profile rates FFT Promising. Older descriptions of Model Plus should not be presented as the current rating. This is a registry, not a clinical guideline.
Scope: Adolescent behavior, offending and substance-use research.
- TIP 39: Substance Use Disorder Treatment and Family Therapy, Chapter 3
Discussed in the source
SAMHSA TIP 39 discusses FFT and supporting research. The discussion is separate from a clinical recommendation for all childhood conditions.
Scope: Family treatment for substance-use problems.
- Alcohol-use disorders: diagnosis, assessment and management (CG115)
Recommendation for the stated population
NICE includes FFT as an example of a multicomponent program to offer in this defined population.
Scope: Ages 10–17 with alcohol misuse and significant comorbidity and/or limited social support.
Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Various (Andersson / Titov) · 2000
Guidelines and official sources (1)
1 clinical guideline check
Read the recommendation and its scope. A source may discuss an approach without recommending it.
- Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Substance Use Disorders
Insufficient evidence for or against
VA/DoD finds insufficient evidence for or against these treatments. Its review includes CBT4CBT and distinguishes computerized treatment from live therapist telemedicine and text-message support.
Scope: Computer-delivered CBT and other behavioral treatments for substance-use disorders, alone or alongside usual care.
Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention
Sarah Bowen / Neha Chawla / G. Alan Marlatt · 2010
Guidelines and official sources (3)
3 clinical guideline checks
Read the recommendation and its scope. A source may discuss an approach without recommending it.
- Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Substance Use Disorders
Insufficient evidence for or against
VA/DoD finds insufficient evidence for or against mindfulness-based therapies. It discusses MBRP directly, but does not make a positive recommendation for it.
Scope: Mindfulness-based therapies, including MBRP, for substance-use disorders.
- Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) guideline for mental, neurological and substance use disorders
Discussed in the source
Mindfulness-based relapse prevention is discussed within the reviewed psychosocial interventions. WHO conditionally recommends structured psychosocial treatment as a group, with low-certainty evidence, while noting uncertainty about individual therapy types versus usual care.
Scope: Adults with alcohol dependence.
- Clinical Practice Guideline for Tobacco Use Treatment
Discussed in the source
VA/DoD weakly recommends against standalone mindfulness for this cessation goal. This is category-level guidance; MBRP is not separately graded, and the statement does not address adjunctive use or other conditions.
Scope: Mindfulness used as a standalone treatment for abstinence from tobacco or nicotine.
Motivational Enhancement Therapy
William Miller (Project MATCH) · 1993
Guidelines and official sources (4)
4 clinical guideline checks
Read the recommendation and its scope. A source may discuss an approach without recommending it.
- Alcohol-use disorders: diagnosis, assessment and management (CG115)
Discussed in the source
NICE recommends a motivational intervention containing key elements of motivational interviewing. This passage does not separately recommend the full MET protocol.
Scope: Initial assessment of people who misuse alcohol.
- Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Substance Use Disorders
Recommendation for the stated population
VA/DoD suggests MET among treatment options for both disorders, considering preference and availability. These are weak recommendations for the structured MET intervention, rather than a single brief conversation.
Scope: Adults with alcohol- or cannabis-use disorder.
- Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adults
Insufficient evidence for or against
APA finds insufficient evidence to prefer sequential over concurrent delivery, or vice versa. This is not a recommendation about MET alone.
Scope: Adults with PTSD and co-occurring SUD; MET followed by PE versus MET delivered with PE.
- Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) guideline for mental, neurological and substance use disorders
Discussed in the source
Motivational enhancement is included in the reviewed motivational-interviewing category. The positive recommendation names CBT and contingency management, rather than MET.
Scope: Adults with cocaine or stimulant dependence.
Motivational Interviewing
Miller / Rollnick · 1983
Guidelines and official sources (6)
5 clinical guideline checks · 1 professional reference check
Read the recommendation and its scope. A source may discuss an approach without recommending it.
- Alcohol-use disorders: diagnosis, assessment and management (CG115)
Recommendation for the stated population
NICE recommends an initial motivational intervention incorporating key MI elements. CG115 is alcohol-specific, not a blanket all-substances endorsement.
Scope: People who misuse alcohol, at initial assessment
- Enhancing motivation for change in substance use disorder treatment (TIP 35)
Discussed in the source
TIP35 gives clinical implementation guidance for motivational interviewing. Label it as a SAMHSA treatment manual, not a graded CPG recommendation.
Scope: Substance-use-disorder treatment
- Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Substance Use Disorders
Discussed in the source
The guideline distinguishes MI from MET, which adds systematic assessment and personalized feedback. Its named MET recommendations should not be read as separate recommendations for every use of MI.
Scope: MI principles within structured motivational enhancement therapy for substance-use disorders.
- Clinical Practice Guideline for Tobacco Use Treatment
Recommendation for the stated population
VA/DoD weakly recommends MI to increase treatment engagement. This recommendation concerns entering treatment, rather than the abstinence effect of MI used alone.
Scope: Adults who use tobacco or nicotine; engagement in cessation treatment.
- Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) guideline for mental, neurological and substance use disorders
Discussed in the source
WHO discusses motivational interviewing findings, but the recommendation names CBT and contingency management. Inclusion in the review is not a separate recommendation for MI.
Scope: Adults with cocaine or stimulant dependence.
- Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) guideline for mental, neurological and substance use disorders
Discussed in the source
Motivational interviewing is discussed within the reviewed psychosocial interventions. WHO conditionally recommends structured psychosocial treatment as a group, with low-certainty evidence, while noting uncertainty about individual therapy types versus usual care.
Scope: Adults with alcohol dependence.
Multisystemic Therapy
Scott Henggeler · 1998
Guidelines and official sources (1)
1 professional reference check
Read the recommendation and its scope. A source may discuss an approach without recommending it.
- Screening and treatment of substance use disorders among adolescents
Discussed in the source
SAMHSA describes MST in a treatment advisory; this is not a generic all-childhood-disorders CPG grade.
Scope: Adolescents with severe SUD and delinquent or violent behaviour
Seeking Safety
Lisa Najavits · 2002
Guidelines and official sources (2)
2 clinical guideline checks
Read the recommendation and its scope. A source may discuss an approach without recommending it.
- Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adults
Discussed in the source
APA reports no difference in effect on PTSD symptoms or substance use and makes no recommendation for or against these comparisons.
Scope: Adults with PTSD and co-occurring SUD; Seeking Safety, with or without usual care, compared with usual SUD care.
- Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adults
Insufficient evidence for or against
APA finds insufficient evidence to prefer either side of these active-treatment comparisons.
Scope: Adults with PTSD and co-occurring SUD; Seeking Safety compared with COPE or Creating Change in the reviewed care arrangements.
Solution-Focused Brief Therapy
de Shazer / Insoo Kim Berg · 1985
Guidelines and official sources (1)
1 professional reference check
Read the recommendation and its scope. A source may discuss an approach without recommending it.
- TIP 39: Substance Use Disorder Treatment and Family Therapy, Chapter 3
Discussed in the source
SAMHSA TIP 39 discusses solution-focused brief therapy and supporting research. This is a treatment-improvement reference rather than an unspecified registry endorsement.
Scope: Families affected by substance-use problems.
Strategic Family Therapy
Jay Haley / Cloe Madanes · 1973
Guidelines and official sources (1)
1 clinical guideline check
Read the recommendation and its scope. A source may discuss an approach without recommending it.
- Alcohol-use disorders: diagnosis, assessment and management (CG115)
Discussed in the source
NICE names Brief Strategic Family Therapy within multicomponent care. This supports the specific BSFT intervention and population, not all forms of Strategic Family Therapy.
Scope: BSFT for ages 10–17 with alcohol misuse and significant comorbidity or limited support.
Assessment not yet completed (13)
No completed assessment or source check for this topic is recorded yet.
Buddhist Psychology / Contemplative Psychotherapy
Chögyam Trungpa / Jack Kornfield / Mark Epstein · 1974
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia
Bootzin / Spielman / Morin / Perlis · 1987
EMBARK
Brennan / Belser · 2022
Holotropic Breathwork
Stanislav Grof / Christina Grof · 1976
Imagery Rehearsal Therapy
Barry Krakow · 1995
Ketamine-Assisted Psychotherapy
Various (Wolfson, Bennett) · 2010
Naikan Therapy
Ishin Yoshimoto · 1940
Neurofeedback
Joe Kamiya / Barry Sterman / Joel Lubar · 1968
Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy
Griffiths / Carhart-Harris · 2016
Psychedelic Harm Reduction and Integration
Various (Gorman, Nielson and colleagues) · 2021
Reality Therapy / Choice Theory
William Glasser · 1965
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
Albert Ellis · 1955
Transpersonal Psychology
Abraham Maslow / Stanislav Grof · 1969
Additional Source References (5)
These source checks also address this topic. They are listed separately from the catalogue associations above. Read each source’s scope and direction; a mention may concern a related intervention or a neutral recommendation.
Behavioral Activation
Guidelines and official sources (1)
1 clinical guideline check
Read the recommendation and its scope. A source may discuss an approach without recommending it.
- Clinical Practice Guideline for Tobacco Use Treatment
Insufficient evidence for or against
VA/DoD reviews behavioral activation and finds insufficient evidence to prefer another counseling approach over standard CBT. This finding is specific to comparative tobacco-cessation treatment.
Scope: Behavioral activation adapted for tobacco cessation, compared with standard CBT.
Clinical Hypnotherapy
Guidelines and official sources (1)
1 clinical guideline check
Read the recommendation and its scope. A source may discuss an approach without recommending it.
- Clinical Practice Guideline for Tobacco Use Treatment
Recommendation against the stated use
VA/DoD weakly recommends against hypnotherapy as standalone cessation treatment. The recommendation does not address every adjunctive use of hypnosis or its use for other conditions.
Scope: Hypnotherapy used alone to achieve abstinence from tobacco or nicotine.
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
Guidelines and official sources (1)
1 clinical guideline check
Read the recommendation and its scope. A source may discuss an approach without recommending it.
- Clinical Practice Guideline for Tobacco Use Treatment
Discussed in the source
VA/DoD weakly recommends against standalone mindfulness for this cessation goal. This is category-level guidance; MBCT is not separately graded, and the statement does not address adjunctive use or other conditions.
Scope: Mindfulness used as a standalone treatment for abstinence from tobacco or nicotine.
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction
Guidelines and official sources (1)
1 clinical guideline check
Read the recommendation and its scope. A source may discuss an approach without recommending it.
- Clinical Practice Guideline for Tobacco Use Treatment
Discussed in the source
VA/DoD weakly recommends against standalone mindfulness for this cessation goal. This is category-level guidance; MBSR is not separately graded, and the statement does not address adjunctive use or other conditions.
Scope: Mindfulness used as a standalone treatment for abstinence from tobacco or nicotine.
Prolonged Exposure Therapy
Guidelines and official sources (1)
1 clinical guideline check
Read the recommendation and its scope. A source may discuss an approach without recommending it.
- Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adults
Recommendation for the stated population
APA strongly recommends this combination; the table includes PE plus usual care and the COPE protocol.
Scope: Adults with PTSD and co-occurring SUD; PE-based treatment plus usual SUD care versus usual SUD care alone.
Cases Featuring Associated Approaches
These teaching cases share approach links with this topic. They may illustrate a different presenting concern.
Reading This Page
Why are these approaches listed with Substance Use & Addictions?
The catalogue associates 29 approaches and 0 frameworks with this topic. These links support learning and comparison; association alone is not a treatment recommendation or evidence of effectiveness.
How should I read the evidence assessments?
Assessments are specific to the population and scope stated on each card. They include a rationale, source links, and a review date. An overall review of an approach does not automatically apply to this condition, and a randomized-study label does not by itself mean that a study found benefit.
What does "Assessment not yet completed" mean?
A condition-specific assessment has not been recorded. Approaches with checked sources appear in a separate assessment-pending group; a checked source can support, oppose, or discuss an intervention without recommending it. Neither pending group means that no research exists or that the approach is ineffective. Frameworks are shown separately.
Sources and Review Scope
Source links and dates on assessment cards apply to the stated population and rationale. The clinical overview and prevalence text above are separate authored content; an approach's evidence label does not verify those statements. Recorded narrative notes and citations remain available on individual modality pages, with their review status identified. The bibliography provides further reading.