Modalities / Cognitive-Behavioral

Seeking Safety

Lisa Najavits · 2002
Key text: Seeking Safety (2002)
Cognitive-Behavioral Focus: Skill-building Short-medium (25) Individual + Group

Core Mechanism

Teaching safe coping skills across cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal domains simultaneously addresses trauma and substance use

Ontology

Trauma and substance use are functionally linked; substances manage trauma symptoms; both need simultaneous stabilization

Therapeutic Voice

"When the craving hits and you want to use, what's one safe coping skill you can reach for instead?"

View of the Person

A being whose trauma and substance use are functionally linked and who needs safety before exploration


Evidence

SAMHSA: listed

10+ RCTs

Multiple reviews

Strong evidence for co-occurring PTSD/SUD. Does not require trauma narration.

Substance Use & Addictions
Effect: d = 0.35 for PTSD + SUD
~30-40% improvement in both
Najavits, 2002 (2002)

Conditions

Epistemology

EmpiricistPragmatist

Blind Spots

Present-focused stabilization means trauma is never directly processed; may leave core trauma unaddressed

Contraindications

Active psychosis, severe cognitive impairment preventing skills acquisition, clients who are fully stabilized and need trauma processing rather than stabilization, clients unwilling to address the connection between trauma and substance use


Training

Manualized for broad dissemination. Manual is self-contained

No formal certification

Self-study; optional 2-day training

$500-1K

Equity & Cultural Adaptations

LGBTQ+ affirming adaptationsCross-cultural adaptationsBIPOC-adapted research

Philosophical Roots

Herman (trauma recovery stages — safety first); harm reduction philosophy; dual-diagnosis integration; pragmatism (stabilization before processing)

Related Modalities


Clinical Vignettes

See how Seeking Safety formulates these cases:

Test Yourself

Why 'present-focused' for trauma?

Show answer

Builds safety and coping first without processing trauma memories — a Phase 1 approach.


Sources

Najavits, L.M. (2002). Seeking Safety: A Treatment Manual for PTSD and Substance Abuse. Guilford Press.