Modalities / Psychedelic

Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy

Griffiths / Carhart-Harris · 2016
Key text: Griffiths et al. (2016)
Psychedelic Focus: Experiential + Processing Short (1-3 doses) Individual

Core Mechanism

Psilocybin disrupts default mode network rigidity; mystical-type experiences occasion lasting shifts in perspective and meaning

Ontology

Rigid self-referential processing (depression) or compulsive patterns maintained by entrenched neural networks

Therapeutic Voice

"Whatever comes, let it come. Whatever goes, let it go. Trust the process."

View of the Person

A consciousness constrained by rigid self-referential processing, capable of liberation through ego dissolution


Evidence

FDA: Breakthrough Therapy designation for TRD and MDD

10+ RCTs

Ko et al. (2022)

Strong preliminary evidence. Goodwin et al. (2022) NEJM trial positive. Regulatory pathway ongoing.

Depression & Mood Disorders
Effect: d = 1.56 (2 doses)
~54-71% response at 4 weeks
Davis et al., 2021; Goodwin et al., 2022 (2022)

Conditions

Epistemology

EmpiricistContemplative

Blind Spots

Not FDA approved; challenging experiences can be destabilizing; standardization of therapy component still developing

Contraindications

Active psychosis or personal/family history of psychotic disorders, severe cardiovascular conditions, pregnancy, current use of lithium or tramadol, untreated bipolar I disorder, severe personality disorders with poor reality testing


Training

Not yet FDA-approved at federal level. Oregon (Measure 109, operational 2023) and Colorado (Prop 122, implementation in progress) have created state-regulated facilitator pathways with approved training curricula. Multiple pathways exist: (1) state-licensed facilitator (OR/CO) through programs with state-approved curricula, (2) clinical psychedelic therapy training for licensed clinicians (CIIS, IPI, ATMA), (3) research-context training. Some programs serve both states; others are state-specific.

Oregon: OHA-approved training program → state facilitator license. Colorado: DORA Natural Medicine Division → facilitator certification. Clinical: CIIS Certificate in Psychedelic-Assisted Therapies & Research; IPI year-long training. No federal certification pathway.

State facilitator programs: 120–200+ hrs (varies by program), typically including didactic, experiential, practicum, and supervised components. CIIS certificate: multi-semester. IPI: year-long.

Facilitator programs: $5K–15K+ depending on program. CIIS: graduate tuition rates. State licensing fees additional.


Philosophical Roots

James (mystical experience); Huxley (doors of perception, reducing valve theory); Watts (ego dissolution); Buddhist concepts (non-self, interconnection); Carhart-Harris (entropic brain hypothesis)

Related Modalities


Controversies & Ethical Concerns

Not yet FDA approved. Breakthrough Therapy designation. Standardization of therapy component still developing


Clinical Vignettes

See how Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy formulates these cases:

Test Yourself

Default mode network and psilocybin?

Show answer

DMN active in self-referential thinking. Psilocybin disrupts it, loosening rigid self-narratives.


Sources

Davis, A.K., et al. (2021). Psilocybin-assisted therapy for MDD: RCT. JAMA Psychiatry, 78(5), 481-489.
Goodwin, G.M., et al. (2022). Single-dose psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression. NEJM, 387(18), 1637-1648.